TOP 5 MOST POLLUTED MEGACITIES

A megacity is usually defined as a metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 10 million people.For a city which is populated wiith more 10 million people,its hard to maintain the evirmental condition as all the sources being us up everyday.this can lead to a very serious pollution,below is the list of ten most polluted megacities in the world.

1. Beijing, China
Beijing’s smog is a constant reminder of the fact that this city has a serious pollution problem. There are almost 17 million people who live in and around Beijing. Water is contaminated , the air pollution levels are five times higher than the WHO standards, and frequent dust storms just add to the problem.



2. Buenos Aires, Argentina

Buenos Aires 13 million inhabitants have to deal with a problem that occurs with alarming regularity. Even slightly heavy rains cause terrible flooding in the city and the drainage system comes to a mess. This contaminates the water and leads to serious health and pollution hazards. It is this water pollution and lack of a disaster management strategy which gives this city such a high ranking.






3. Dhaka, Bangladesh

Despite being fed by three rivers, and being situated in the Ganges Delta, Dhaka is one of the most unliveable cities in the world. The waters of the rivers are the storehouse of all the human waste and the effluents of the industries. There is no really efficient water treatment system, and when you add the high levels of air pollution this makes it a very toxic city.





4. Mexico City, Mexico

Mexico City’s air is believed to be safe to breathe only 31 days in the years! Around 1,00,000 children die due to pollution complications every years. The renowned traffic snarls of this city are the major cause of fuel intoxicants. There are also over 50,000 small factories in and around the city. All this adds to make a deadly cocktail.




5. New Delhi, India

As with most other metropolises, Delhi has a major water problem. Its main source of water, the river Yamuna is highly polluted with high levels of chemicals and pollutants. The high number of cars only adds to the present levels of pollution, and the dense population of the city has to cope with smog, impure water and health problems.

orator

Hello,
Today i will talk about about the orator,
Orator is someone who is good at public speaking.

My favorite orator is mahatma gandi.
Mahatma gandi or mohandas karamchand gandhi was born in Probandar in the present day state of Gujerat in India.he was rised in a very conservative family that had affiliation with the ruling family of kathiawad.

He was educated in law at universiti college,London.
In 1891 after having been admitted to the british ,bar,Gandhi return to india and attempted to establish a low practice in Bombay.

In durban ,Gandhi found himself threaated as a menber of an anferior race.
He was appalled at the widespread denial of civil liberties and political nights to indian immigrants to south africa.
Gandhi remained in south africa for twenty years surffering imprisonment many times.in

In 1896,after being attacked and humiliated by white south africans ,Gandhi begans to teach a policy of passive resistance to and non-cooperation with south african authorities.Part of the inspiration for policy came from the russian ,writer leo toistoy,whose influence on gandhi was profound Gandhi.....he also fight to get independent for india through india campaign for home luke.he become a leader in camplex strugger .he following world war 1 ,he played active part in recruiting campaigns ,advocating satyagraha launched his movement of non-violent resistances to great britains.

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

The kedayan people

The kedayan people are an ethnic residing in Brunei ,Labuan and Sabah and part of Sarawak on the island of borneo.

The also are known as kedayan,and kadaian.

The kedayan language is the de facto national language of Brunei.

In Sabah ,they are mainly live in Spitang ,Labuan,Beaufort,and Kuala Penyu.

In Sarawak ,kedayan ,mostly reside in Lawas,Limbang,Miri and sibuti area.
In Indonesia,indigenous people in Kutai,Kalimantan( Indonesia) share more than 90% similarity with Kedayan language,although the not called themselves as kedayan.

it also shows that the kedayan and banjavese is somehow related in term of language.

Most of the reseachers consider them indigenous to borneo.

The kedayan people having accepted and influenced by malay culture,after enstablishment of the sultanate of Brunei.

Historically,the kedayan people have occasionally rebelled against control Brunei nobles.

Kedayan are mainly paddy farmers or fisherman.

They have a reputtation (knowladge of medicinal plants,to treat a wide range of oilments or to make tonic.

The kedayan tend to settle inland a cluster patter,with houses ,build in the centre and field radiating outward.

The kedayan traditionally tended to be a rather closed communinity .

Intermarrage among relative was encourage for economic and sosial reasons.

As kedayan do not follows islamic inheritage laws,women entitled to own land.

if the husband dies ,his property goes to his wife(only as an administrator)

She cannot sell the land without permission of their children.

The kedayan wedding ceremony is similiar to Bruneis malays with different that the bride is seated surrounded by candles and decoration and the older folk will go up to her one at a time and mark powdered spices ,similiar to the bajau practice.

The kedayan also have their own danse,that is aduk-aduk.

Aduk-aduk is a ceremonial dance perfomed during holiday especially at the end of the harvest season

References:Wikipedia.

The Evolution Of Telephone

Alexender Graham Bell invented the telephone over 100 years ago.

At first ,the telephone line were seperate lines that connected pairs of telephone.

At first,telephone line was sep up in boston in 1877.

The first , telephones line overhead line that placed on telephone poles or attached to racks on the rooftop.

The telephone lines was made up by iron or steel.

The lines were single and noisy.

In 1877,Thomas doulittle develop the process for hard drown copper wire.

In 1885,a hard drawn copper was set up between New York and Philadelphia.

In the end of the 19 th and the beggining of the 20 th century ,is the changes and the rapid expansion in the telephones industry.

the telephone went from being a novelty item that only a few could afford ,to what most consider a neccessity today.

Nowdays all the people were use a handphones,such as adults,teenegers even a kids.

we can use the handphones to connect the people around the world.

Communications systems for the disabled

Communicating with a disabled person is not simple as communicating with an ordinary person,communicating with them needs,special technique and gadgets.common communications systems are such as sign language which commonly used by a deaf or mute person,braille system by a blind,even high tech gadgets are used for communications of a disabled such as hearing aid for deaf but is not an alternative because a hearing aid is expensive and need high maintenance .

SIGN LANGUAGE

A sign language is a language which,instead of acoustically conveyed sound patterns,uses visually transmitted patterns and lip patterns to convey meaning simultaneously,orientation and movement of the hands,arms or body,and facial expressions to fluidly express a speaker's thoughts.Sign language commonly develop in a deaf communities,which can include interpreters and friends and families of a dead people as well as people who are deaf or hard of hearing themselves.

BRAILLE SYSTEM

The braille system is a method that is used by blind people to read and write.Braille was devised in 1821 by Louis Braille,a Frenchman who is blind.Each braille is made up of six dot positions,arranged in a rectangle containing two columns of three dots each.A dot may be raised at any of the six positions to form sixty-four permutations including the arrangement in which no dots are raised. For reference purpose,a particular permutations may be described by naming the positions where dots are raised the positions being universally numbered 1 to 3,from top to the bottom,on the right.The lines of horizontally Braille text are separated by a space,much like visible printed text,so that the dots of one line can be differentiated from the Braille text above and bellow.




HEARING AIDS

A hearing aid is electroacoustic body worn apparatus which typically fits in or behind the wearer;s ear,and is designed to amplify and modulate sound for the wearer.Earlier devices,known as an "ear trumpet" were passive funnel-like amplification cones designed to gather sound energy and direct it into the ear canal.Similar devices include the bone anchored hearing aid and cochlear implant.

Hip hop...

What is a hip hop??

• Hip hop is a culture movement which developed in New York City in the early 1970s pimarilly among African Americans and Latin American.

• Hip hop have four main elements....

1. MCing
2. DJing
3. Graffiti writing
4. Breakdancing

• Other elements include beatboxing,hip hop fashion and slang.

Since first emerging in the bronx,the lifestyle of hip hop culture has spread around the world...hip hop music..


hip hop dance..


hip hop graffiti..

when hip hop music began to emerge,it was based around disc jockeys who created rhythmic beats by looping breaks on two turntables.

• This way later accompanied by "rapping"and beatboxing,a vocal technique mainly used to imitate percussive elements of the music and various technical effects of hip hop DJs.
• An original form of dancing and particular styles of dress arose among followers of this new music.
• These elements experienced considerable refinement and development over the history of the culture.
• The relationship between graffiti and hip hop culture arise from the appearance of new and increasingly elaborate and pervasive forms of the practice in areas where other elements of hip hop were evolving as art forms,with heavy overlap between those who wrote graffiti and those who practiced other elements of the culture.

GROSS DOMESTIC PERCAPITA

INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC PRODUCT PER CAPITA

MALAYSIA IS A GROWING AND RELATIVELY OPEN STATE-ORIENTED MARKET ECONOMY

IN 2007,THE ECONOMY OF MALAYSIA WAS THE 29th LARGEST ECONOMY IN THE WORLD BY PURCHSING POWER PARITY WITH GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT FOR 2007 WAS ESTIMATED TO BE $357.9 BILLION WITH A GROWTH RATE OF 5% TO 7% SINCE 2007...

THE SOUTHEST ASIAN NATION EXPERIENCED AN ECONOMIC BOOM AND UNDER WENT RAPID DEVELOPMENT DURING THE LATE 20th CENTURY,AND HAS A GDP PER CAPITA OF $14,400 BEING CONSIDERED A NEWLY INDUSTRIZED COUNTRY..

THE INCREASES OF DOMESTIC PRODUCT PER CAPITA
AS ONE OF TRHEE COUNTRIES THAT CONTROL THE STRAIT OF MALACCA,INTERNATIONAL TRADE PLAYS A LARGE ROLE IN THE ECONOMY...IT WAS THE LARGEST PRODUCER OF TIN,RUBBER AND PALM OIL IN THE WORLD...

MANUFACTURING HAS A LARGE INFLUENCE IN THE COUNTRY’s ECONOMI
MAIN INDUSTRIES:-PENINSULAR MALAYSIA:RUBBER AND PALM OIL PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURING,LIGHT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES,ELECTRONICS,TIN MINING AND SMELTING...SABAH:PALM OIL FARMING,TOURISM,PETROLEUM PRODUCTION AND LOGGING...

SARAWAK:AGRICULTRE PROCESSING ,PETROLEUM PRODUCTION AND REFNING LOGGING... THE CRISIS OF DOMESTIC PRODUCT PER CAPITA

BEFORE THE CRISIS,MALAYSIA WAS A POPULAR INVESMENT DESTINATION.THIS WAS REFLECTED IN KLSE ACTIVTY WHICH WAS REGULARLY THE MOST ACTIVE EXCHANGE INN THE WORLD..

IN JULY 1997,WITHIN DAYS OF THE THAI BATH DEVALUTION,THE MALAYSIAN RINGGIT WAS “ATTACKED”BY SPECULATORS...

BY END OF 1997,RATING HAD FALLEN NOTCHES FROM INVESTMENT GRADE TO JUNK.THE KLSE...

IN 1990,THE OUTPUT OF THE REAL ECONOMY DECLINED PLUNGING THE COUNTRY INTO ITS FIRST RECESSION FOR MANY YEARS...

GROWTH THEN SETTLED AT SLOWER BUT MORE SUSTAINABLE PACE,THE MASSIVE CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT BECAME A FAILY SUBSTAINTIAL SURPLUS...

SUBSIDIES AND PRICE CONTROLS:-MALAYSIAN GOVERNMENT SUBSIDISES AND CONTROL PRICES ON A LOT ESSENTIAL ITEMS TO KEEP THE PRICE LOW..

SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUNDS:-INVEST IN LOCAL COMPANIES AND ALSO FOREIGN COMPANIES...

:-IT’S OBJECTIVE IS TO HELP SHAPE SELECTED STRATEGICS

INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIA AND DEVELOPMENT THOSE FOR THE BENEFIT OF MALAYSIA….

FACTORS OF THE CRISIS IN GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT PER CAPITA

BECAUSE OF THE CHANGING IN MARKETING AND POLITIC OF THE COUNTRY...

THE INCREASING IN PRICE OF GOODS THAT TOO EXPENSIVE..

THE QUALITY OF THE PRODUCT NOT REACH THE LEVEL..

THE CRISIS IN ECONOMY.
THE CURRENCY OF THE COUNTRY WAS DOWN..

THE PRODUCING OF THE PRODUCT IS TOO SLOW..

FUTURE PREDICTION IN GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT PER CAPITA

OUR FUTURE PREDICTION IN GROSS DOEMESTIC PRODUCT PER CAPITA IN MALAYSIA WILL INCREASE BECAUSE OUR COUNTRY RICH IN DOMESTIC PRODUCT ESPECIALLY RUBBER,PALM OIL,AND PETROLEUM…

THE OTHER COUNTRY DEPEND ON OUR DOMESTIC PRODUCT FOR DEVELOP THEIR COUNTRY ESPECIALLY THE ECONOMIC LEVEL...

THE RUBBER IS MAIN PRODUCT TO EXPORT TO OTHER COUNTRY LIKE JERMAN,UNITED STATES,AND etc..

IN THE FUTURE MALAYSIA MUST FOCUS THE DOMESTIC PRODUCT BECAUSE TO INCREASES OUR ECONOMIC LEVEL.BUT ITS ALL DEPENDS ON OUR GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY,HOW THEY GOING TO OVERCOME AND MAINTAINS OUR DOMESTIC PRODUCTS..

CONCLUSION

THE EXPORT AND IMPORT ARE THE FACTOR THAT VERY IMPORTANT TO THE MALAYSIAN ECONOMIC..

MALAYSIA IS THE GROWTH PRODUCER OF THE DOMESTIC PRODUCT OF PALM OIL,FARMING,PETROLEUM PRODUCTING AND MANY MORE..

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT PER CAPITA IS NOT A MEASUREMENT OF THE STANDARD LIVING IN ANECONOMY..

IT IS OFTEN USED AS SUCH AN INDICATOR ON THE RATIONALE THAT ALL CITIZENWOULD BENEFIT FROM THEIR COUTRY’S ECONOMIC PRODUCT

GDP PER CAPITA IS NOT A MEASUREMENT OF PERSONAL INCOME..

GDP MAY INCREASE WHILE INCOME FOR THE MAJORITY OF COUNTRY’S CITIZENS EVEN DECREASE OR CHANGE DISPROPORTIONALLY..

IN THE US FROM 1990-2006 THE EARNINGS(ADJUSTED FOR IN FLATION)OF INDIVIDUAL WORKERS IN PRIVATE INDUSTRIES AND SERVICES,INCREASED BY LESS THAN 0.5% PER YEAR WHILE GDP(ADJUSTED FOR INFLATION)INCREASED ABOUT 3.6% PER YEAR OVER THE SAME PERIOD

la tomatina

La Tomatina is a food fight festival held on the last wednesday of August each year in town called Bunol,Valencia of spain. More than ten thousand of participants come from all over the world to fight in a brutal battle where more than hundred metric tons over-ripe tomatoes are thrown in the streets.One night before the tomato fight, participants of the festival compete in paella cooking contest. it is a tradition of the women to wear all white and the men to where no shirts. This festival started in a casual way in 1945,but wasn't officially recognized untill 1952. In preparation for the tomato fight ,the shopkeepers use huge plastic covers on their storefronts in order to protect them.At around 10 a.m,the first event of the Tomatina begins.This festival starts by figuring out how to get people to climb up a greased pole with a ham at the top.While this is happening the group works up a frenzy singing and dancing while being showered from hose.Once someone is able to release the ham from the pole,several trucks haul tons of tomatoes.The signal for the begining of the fight is firing of water cannons,and chaos begins.Once it begins,the battle is generally every man for himself.Those who take part in this event are encouraged to wear a proctective goggles and gloves.The participants must even squish the tomatoes before throwingfor safety precautions.After exactly one hour ,the fighting ends when the water cannons are fired once more to signal the end.At this point,no more tomatoes can be thrown.This tomato war end by cleaning process,which involves the use of fire trucks to spray down the streets.......THE END......

me in professional coffee making

Understanding the process of making espresso is the first step on the path towards the true coffee artistry. In order to reach the point when you can make great espresso for your cappuccino’s, lattes, and more, you need to first understand how to make espresso,me myself took 3 month to do perfect coffees from espressos to lattes. It is so easy to make bad coffee, but take heart. With the right tools and the right knowledge, you will be able to brew your own bit of coffee heaven. The most visible characteristic of great espresso is the "crema". When you see that marvelous swirl of creamy golden foam(taste very bitter) on the top of your espresso, you know that you have created a coffee masterpiece.Making the best,need to be produce from the best,so making the best coffee need to be produce from the best modern utensils,coffee machine,coffee grinder and quality Arabica coffee beans.the first day as as BARISTA ,it took me the whole day to memorize more than 10 type of coffees with its steps of preparing it.

ESPRESSO DOPIO
MACHIATO CAFE VIENA
CAFE MOCHA MOCHA LATTE
CAPPUCCINO CAFE LATTE
LONG BLACK AMERICANO
GREEN MATCHA LATTE

THE FIRST RULE OF MAKING ESPRESSO

This important rule for making espresso is absolutely crucial:

Single Shot = 1 to 2 ounces in 25 to 30 seconds
Double Shot = 2 to 3 ounces in 25 to 30 seconds

Everything else builds on that basic information. Generally it is easier for beginners to start learning with the double shot eventhough single shot is easier to learn.

THE BASICS

Step 1
Preheat the machine, portafilter(grinded coffee dispenser), and a cup. Failure to preheat has been the problem of many would-be baristas, The most effective way to preheat the machine is to run the espresso cycle without the coffee.

Step 2
After grinding the coffee , scoop 14 grams of coffee into the double shot portafilter. Most espresso machines come with a pre-measured 7-gram scoop. Two level, non-compacted scoops of freshly ground coffee will be sufficient. Now tamp the coffee with the tamping tool in a smooth even motion, applying 30 pounds of pressure. It is often easier to get a good tamp with the portafilter on a countertop, pressing down from above. If your machine has a built-in resistance device, only a light tamp is all that is required.

Step 3
Check the tamped coffee. It should be level and well compacted. An uneven tamp can cause problems with the extraction. The coffee should look smooth. Any loose grounds, especially around the top rim, should be brushed off. The gasket that forms the watertight seal with the portafilter can become crusted with ground coffee if care is not taken at this step. This could lead to a leaking seal and potentially spoil the flavor of your coffee.

Step 4
Now, lock the portafilter into the machine and get your pre-warmed cup ready beneath the nozzles.

Step 5
Start the pump and begin your extraction. The brew will be quite dark as it first begins to pour into your cup, but it should change to creamy, golden foam towards the end when done properly. Stop the machine when you reach 2 to 3 ounces of beverage. You will probably want to time your extractions, to help you make adjustments to your process. If your extraction was longer than the 25 to 30 second goal, your grind may be too fine or your tamp may need to be adjusted. If the time was a little short, you might try a finer grind.

With all of this in mind, you may still find that a little experimentation will help you find the flavor that you desire. The basics will only get you from beans to beverage. The artistry borne of experience and taste will take you to that coffee heaven.

the simplest latte art,prepared by me